Tag Archives: American Revolution

Small pox and the American Revolution

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With the USA’s 250th birthday coming up, there has been several books about the American Revolution.for example: The American Revolution: An Intimate History, by Geoffrey Ward and Ken Burns and a new Burns’ documentary. I was particularly interested in the section on smallpox.

Like Covid-19, smallpox was a viral disease and greatly feared.The initial symptoms were similar to the flu, Covid-19 and many other viral diseases: fever, muscle pain, fatigue and headache. Before the distinctive rash erupted, small reddish spots appeared on mucous membranes of the mouth, tongue, and throat. 

The characteristic skin rash form within two days after the reddish spots on the mucous membranes. The rash was formed of pustules with a dot (that became filled with fluid) in the center. These spots scabbed over and then the scabs fell off, usually resulting in scarring. In Murder On Principle, Constable Rouge suffers a case of smallpox and becomes terribly scarred.

The origin of smallpox is unknown although the theory says the virus developed in certain African rodents 60,000 or so years ago. The earliest evidence of human illness dates to the third century BCE with Egyptian mummies It is a lethal disease with a fatality rate for the ordinary kind of about 30 percent. Higher among babies. The Malignant and Hemorrhagic forms are over ninety percent fatal. Occurring in outbreaks, it killed hundreds of thousands, including at least six monarchs in Europe. In the twentieth century it is estimated to have killed 300 million alone. As recently as 1967, 15 million cases occurred worldwide.

During our Revolution, General Washington realized that a. smallpox epidemic would kill many of his troops. Accordingly, he had his soldiers vaccinated against the disease. They used a live virus so the risk of contracting smallpox was a possibility although usually the disease was less severe and less fatal.

In 1796, Edward Jenner discovered that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox, a much less serious disease, did not come down with smallpox. He began a trial and proved that inoculation with cowpox prevented smallpox. The cowpox was safer than the live virus..

Later, the vaccine was made of the killed virus. In Great Britain, Russia, the United States vaccination was practiced. However. My father contracted small pox as a toddler and lived to tell the tale. When he volunteered for the Army during WWII, they tried to vaccinate him but of course it never took because he was already immune.

A concerted global effort a to eradicate smallpox succeeded with the last naturally occurring case in 1977. (The last death was in 1978. A researcher contracted the disease from a research sample.) WHO officially certified the eradication of smallpox in 1980.

No taxation without representation

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The slogan above should be familiar to every American since it featured hugely in the run up to the War for Independence. As we approach our 250th anniversary, I thought a review would be interesting.

After the War between France and Britain, Great Britain was deeply in debt. Parliament thought they could raise money by taxing the colonists. The first was the Stamp Act. To make a legal document, the paper had to be imported with a stamp on it, and every document, newspaper, even decks of cards had to use this paper. The tax met with resistance, the colonists believing that since they had no representation on Parliament, that body had no right to tax them.

Although the Stamp tax was mostly repealed, the Townshend Acts soon followed. Although there were several parts, the five most commonly accepted are:

  • raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would remain loyal to Great Britain,
  • Create more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations,
  • punish the Province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act and
  • establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies.

The Quartering Act was an effort to make the colonies provide British troops with housing and food – in essence inflicting a military force on a civilian population. Needless to say, it was met with stiff resistance.

Although most of this act was also repealed, not all of it was. Parliament felt they had the right to tax the colonists so they kept the tax on tea. We know the result of that. A group of colonists dressed as Native Americans dumped the tea into Boston Harbor.

In response, Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts, also known as the Coercive Acts. These were a series of punitive acts designed to punish especially Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. Many in Massachusetts considered these acts a ‘virtual declaration of war.’ By choosing to punish Massachusetts, it seemed that Parliament hoped to convince the other colonies to stop resisting British authority.

Instead, these acts further enraged the colonists. They felt that their rights as Englishmen had been violated. The Acts were also viewed as so harsh and cruel that any moderate voices had a hard time defending Parliament.

To paraphrase a line from Star Wars, the more Great Britain tightened their grip, the more colonists slipped through their fingers.

This is a quick summary and the real history is more complicated. But I think the lesson is clear. Increasing repression, rather than quelling resistance, usually serves to encourage it.

Salem Tunnels – Smuggling as a way of life

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In my new book, A Death in Salem, I use the tunnels under the city as an important plot device. Tunnels? Under Salem?

True, and one can see the remnants of these tunnels on a tour through the city, especially the great houses.

Salem has a long history as a maritime city. It was an era when smuggling was so accepted even gentlemen engaged pretty openly in smuggling. Don’t believe me? Well, in New York protection money was paid to Governor Fletcher and Thomas Tew, a Rhode Island Pirate, was frequently Fletcher’s dinner guest.

According to Salem Secret Underground by Christopher Jon Luke Dowgin, tunnels in Salem dated at least from 1667.

If people remember their American History, one of the causes leading to the War for Independence was the number of Acts and duties imposed on not just American goods but goods being imported into the colonies. Textiles, sugar, molasses – just about everything was taxed. To make matters worse, these were not duties imposed by an American government, but a government across the ocean. And a lot of the funds were used to pay troops who then patrolled for smugglers. One of the taglines from this period was ‘No taxation without representation.”

Furthermore, American ships were prohibited from sailing to India, for example, so all goods imported from the East had to come on British ships with the attached duties. American ships were permitted to sail to the Caribbean but with limits. Needless to say, American captains tried to circumvent these laws as best as they could. (No American ship went to the East until 1783 when Derby’s Grand Turk sailed to Indonesia. She returned with a cargo of pepper, a cargo that was sold at a 700 % profit.) As British imports flooded the market, the goods made in the Colonies rotted. There was no market for them.

The proscriptions upon American (Colonial) Trade enraged the Colonists. The Boston Tea Party was really the destruction of British imported Chinese tea. So American ships turned to smuggling and a lot of them became folk heroes. Britain tried to stop the smuggling by blockading the cost and stopping American ships (and impressing American seamen too.) And this became another flashpoint leading up to Revolution.