Author Archives: Eleanor Kuhns

About Eleanor Kuhns

Librarian and Writer Published A Simple Murder, May 2012

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The Unquiet dead, by Stacie Murphy, is the second in the Amelia Matthews series. I loved the first one, Deadly Fortune, and this second Gilded Age New York mystery is just as good.

Amelia is a psychic, working in a gambling establishment that also fulfills other vices. She is still recovering after her stay in the notorious Blackwell prison, and trying to control her psychic gift – which more often seems like a curse. She has no interest in investigating yet another murder but when Miles, the fifteen year old son of a Black waiter who works with her and her brother Jonas is accused of the murder of a six year old girl, Amelia has to become involved. Especially when it is revealed Ginny Holloway was not the first child to go missing.

The investigation brings her to the Polish community of Greenpoint, Brooklyn, in close contact with Peter Rhodes, a reporter, and back in touch with Andrew Cavanaugh.

The mystery is great. Murphy does a wonderful job with the setting. Like Anne Perry and Victoria Thompson, she perfectly delineates the entitlement and hypocrisy of the upper class. Both Amelia are believable people. The supernatural element is not as front and center as it was in the first book but is still an important element.

Highly Recommended.

The Magnificent Horse and its importance

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The horse has arguably been more important to human history than even the dog. Both have served as work animals, that is true, but the horse has altered the course of civilization.

Yes, the horse has drawn the plow. Certainly very important but oxen also were used to pull plows as well as other vehicles – carts, wagons and the like. But the major importance of horses, unlike any other animal, was their use in war.

The Botai – the Eurasian nomads of the steppes – have been credited with domestication of the horse and its gradual transformation from the wild genus to the domesticated one. The horse gave the steppe dwellers a tremendous advantage: mobility as well as an elevated position from which to rain down blows. They were fast and could travel great distances. And they did. Successive waves of these warriors swept into India and across Europe, right up to and including recorded time. Think Genghis Khan.

This culture had no arts to speak of. Their pottery, according to famed archaeologist Maria Gimbutas, was poor quality, especially when compared to the pottery of Crete. But they had weapons and with horses they were almost unbeatable.

What were the civilizations they swept across? Almost all were agrarian, peaceful and Goddess worshipping. They made sacrifices for good harvests and easy births. They didn’t have a chance. Crete ‘s culture survived because it was on an island. (And on the island it was peaceful- their cities were not walled.). A remnant survived in the British Isles. (the Picts – remember Hadrian’s Wall? Built by the Romans, it was designed to keep the Picts away.) And the Basques who still speak a non Indo-European language. Scandinavia managed to hold on to their culture. They successfully resisted Christianity for hundreds of years, converting at the point of a sword, and then grafting their sacred pantheon on to the Christian God.

But I digress.

This is what these mounted nomads brought with them.

Language

Almost all of the languages spoken now, especially across Europe, is classed as Indo-European, although pockets of the earlier languages remain. Basque, for example, is still spoken today. According to Gimbutas, the Basques continue some of the traditions as well that stretch all the way back, probably to the Neolithic. In Crete and Anatolia place names from the early civilizations remain. Knossos, for example, is not Indo-European.

Written languages too were affected. The Cretans had three languages. A form of hieroglyphics (and yes, Crete and Egypt were neighbors and trading partners so probably there was some cross-fertilization), Linear A and Linear B. B is newer and was deciphered in the fifties. It is a form of early Greek, an Indo-European language. The other two remain mysterious.

With the Indo-European invasion, writing disappeared along with the fine pottery and many other examples of the civilization.

Religion. Instead of a pantheon of Gods and Goddesses, with A female centered deity, the new God was male.The new God-centered religion and the status of women intersected.

Patriarchy went with these mounted warriors and the status of women took a nosedive. This culture worshipped male Gods and was stratified with warriors at the top, priests next, and craftsmen below. Warriors were buried with their weapons and sometimes their horses.

Take the Mycenaeans, for example. The Acheans were one of the first waves to hit Greece. Take Helen of Troy, for instance. She was a princess, semi-divine, wealthy and the heir to the throne. Not her brothers – her. So the transformation of a women’s status was gradual. However, she could not choose her husband and her life was marked by rape and violence. At least the Mycenaeans were influenced by the earlier Bronze Age culture. As successive, and more warlike, waves of invaders came down eventually even Crete was breached and its cities sacked and burned.

We all know that the Jews are credited with the first monotheistic faith. Not so fast. According to Elinor W. Gadon, the very early Jews also worshipped a Goddess – the Queen of Heaven. In Jeremiah the prophet speaks out against her, saying that the Hebrews were exiled from Judea because of their neglect of Yahweh. (When they were exiled they went to Babylon which was at that time transitioning from Goddess worship to God worship. (Maria Gimbutas – The Living Goddesses.) Anyway, according to the Bible, the people retorted that Judea fell because the rituals to the Goddess had been neglected after they’d been forbidden by the Deuteronomic reforms. (Jeremiah 44: 15-19).

By the time of the Classical Greeks and Romans, the status of women was in the cellar. Women were no longer permitted to leave the courtyards of father or husband except on certain religious festival days. In Greece homosexuality and pederasty were institutionalized. It makes a sort of sense if women were so devalued, their only value that of producing heirs, how could they possibly deserve love? In Rome women had no names but that of, first their fathers, and then their husbands.

The situation certainly did not improve with the advent of Christianity. Augustinian uses urine and feces to describe childbirth and refers to women as all that is vile, lowly and corruptible. We know one result of such passionate misogyny: the witch trials of the 1600s. According to Gabon (The Once and Future Goddess) thousands and thousands of women were burned at the stake. Estimates range from 100,000 to 9,000,000 (including women who died in prison). In some villages there were no women left alive.

Because patriarchy has lasted so long we now think of it as ‘normal’. But gradually everything is changing. I started my research with Arthur Evans, the archaeologist who first excavated Knossos. As I read through his writings I found his prejudices on open display. One example: despite all the frescos featuring women, he insisted they must all be of Goddesses. (And a lot of them are.) But his rationale was that there had to be a king, women could not possibly hold the power and the importance demonstrated by the art. And that is why the Bronze Age Civilization has been called the Minoan civilization, after Minos the King referred to in the Theseus myth. (This is not even historically accurate. If there were such a king, he would have probably been a Mycaenaen.)

The agrarian societies were pretty peaceful. That certainly has not been true of all that has come after, up to and including today. War and conquest has continued pretty much unabated for millennia.

Well, I have gone pretty far afield from my study of horses. Would patriarchy have conquered all without the nomadic horde? Maybe. Maybe not. After all, many of the American Indian tribes still take counsel from their ‘Grandmothers’. But I think it is pretty clear that the domestication of horses changed everything.

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The Murder at World’s End has everything one wants in a mystery: great characters, an interesting setting and a twisty mystery with a surprise at the end.

Stephen Pike, recently of Borstal prison, is desperate for a job when a letter offering him one arrives out of the blue. He arrives at a house on an island in Cornwall that is regularly cut off by the tides. He quickly sees that something is not right. The master of the house is terrified that Halley’s Comet, will fill the air with poison gasses, make the seas rise, and destroy the earth. Everyone is the house is under orders to lock themselves in their rooms, board up the windows, and seal every crack around doors and windows with wadding.

The following morning, the master is found dead in his locked and sealed study.

But his aunt Decima, a batty elderly lady with a scientific mind, is on the case with Stephen as her sidekick.

Decimal is a wonderful character and some of the scenes in which she interacts with her family are laugh out loud funny. Highly recommended. This is a series I will definitely follow.

What on earth is a wanax

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In all three of my Bronze Age Crete mysteries, I describe Tinos, the consort of the High Priestess, as a wanax. In Mycenae Greece, a wanax was the high king or priest king, but the term is actually not only pre-Greek but of a non-Indo-European origin. It was found in a Linear B tablet which shows how long and important this position was.

Since current scholarship describes Crete as worshipping a Supreme Goddess and with women enjoying high status, I chose to make the High Priestess the central religious power. But any society needs to be administered and that was one of the functions of the wanax in the cultures around the Aegean.

Archaeologists theorize that the High Priestess had a consort. This supposition is borne out by the images on seals and other metal artifacts showing a large female figure with a smaller male beside them. Since fertility was so important then, Campbell interpreted many of the early rituals as promoting fertility, not just of the land and the livestock, but the people as well. So, I thought it made sense for the consort, whose central job was tied to the fertility of the county, to also serve as the chief administrator of the society.

Tinos, therefore, handles the military, economic functions of the government, as well as serving as the chief law enforcement officer.

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When a young girl goes missing in the Colorado mountains, Mattie Cobb and her K-9 partner, Robo, go on the hunt for her, unfortunately discovering the girl’s body in a shallow grave and her dog with a bullet wound of her own.

The wounded dog is brought to the local vet, a single dad whose daughter was a good friend of the murdered girl. Mattie suspects she knows more than she is telling.

When Belle, the dog evacuates envelopes filled with cocaine, the case takes on a whole new dimension. Mattie stays the course, putting herself in danger, to solve the murder and Save others from being mrdered.

Recommended. Mattie and Robo are a great team and the setting is well delineated. I will be reading others.

Knossos

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Arthur Evans, who excavated Knossos, estimated the original Neolithic settlements on Crete stretch back to 8000 B.C.E. By 2000, the civilization had transitioned from wattle and daub huts to an affluent society marked by mis-named palaces. Misnamed because it is thought they were not simply the abode of the rulers but also governmental, religious and craftsmen centers. The remains of storage rooms were also discovered on this site. Below is the most famous image from Knossos.

Below are the large storage vessels known as pithoi.

Knossos was destroyed several times. Crete is prone to earthquakes and there is a nearby volcano. Until about 1400 to 1450 B.C.E. Knossos was always rebuilt. What happened after that date? Santorini (Thera) erupted, causing ash to spread as far west as Turkey and a tsunami to overwhelm the boats in the Knossos harbor. Largely destroyed, Knossos and other towns were easy pickings for the Mycenae, the mainland Greeks. They swept in and took over. They adopted much from the Minoan civilization, including their Gods and Goddesses. (Zeus, Dionysus, Hera, and Artemis are some that were worshipped on Crete before migrating to mainland Greece.)

The ruins of other Minoan cities can be visited. Gournia is one. Akrotiri is another. This was a colony from Crete, and was buried in volcanic ash. It is now being excavated. But Knossos appears to be the largest and most important.

Since the ruins were excavated Knossos has become a major tourist attraction. Parts have been rebuilt and some of it has been repainted in what is thought to be the original colors.

Here is one example: the so-called throne room. The lustral basin in the foreground and the griffins (a symbol of the Goddess) indicated that this chamber was probably used for religious purposes.

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When Annie Gore leaves the Army, in which she enlisted to escape her troubled childhood, she sets up as a private investigator. A young man approaches her to investigate a case ten years old. Three little girls disappeared and although one has been returned, the other two were never seen again. Annie does not want to take the case. It reminds her too much of her own background. But she is broke.

She goes to the holler and begins investigating, stirring up a lot of feelings in the town. She is asked to drop the case more than once. But she persists, although someone shoots at her. And then another little girl disappears.

Threaded through the mystery is a superstition about a witch and the two girls she takes as her own. The characters are clearly drawn and the mystery is so clever I never guessed who the kidnapper and murderer were.

Highly recommended.

Ancient Religious Mysteries

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In A Murder of Furies, Martis undergoes an initiation in order to embark upon several quests.

Although I imagined most of what Martis endures, I read widely about the ancient mysteries, particularly about Dionysus and Artemis. Both are very old Gods and it is believed both were present in the pantheon of Bronze Age Crete. Because these were mysteries, known only to the initiated, not much was known about either.

However, we can make some educated guesses.

Since Dionysus was the God of wine, ecstasy, and music, it is thought his rites involved all three. (Both wine and hallucinogenics, as well as sex , dancing and singing.) The following is a quote from The Bacchae by Euripides.

“Following the torches as they dipped and swayed in the darkness, they climbed mountain paths with head thrown back and eyes glazed, dancing to the beat of the drum which stirred their blood’ ‘In this state of ekstasis or enthusiasmos, they abandoned themselves, dancing wildly and shouting ‘Euoi!’ [the god’s name] and at that moment of intense rapture became identified with the god himself. They became filled with his spirit and acquired divine powers.

Dionysus predates the Olympian pantheon so this wild release is wholly different from the cool logic of an Athena or measured behavior of Apollo.

The other God, or Goddess in this case, that I researched was Artemis. Her great temple at Ephesus was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Like Dionysus, she is thought to be of pre-Greek origin, a goddess in her own right, before the Classical Greeks tied her to Zeus and put her in with their Olympic Gods. In Minoan Crete, there was a link between a goddess Britomartis and Artemis. Both were hunters, nurturers of the young, and virgins. In both cases, the bear was sacred to them. (In Murder of Furies, I begin with a ceremony in which little girls dress as bears, a ceremony also described as occurring in Classical Athens.

In both cases, we know very little of the mysteries involving their rites. (No one talked, apparently.) My takeaway, though, was that the initiations involved a transformation into someone different and that is what I tried to convey with Martis (whose name I adapted from Britomartis. I will add that the initiation was as difficult as the final quest itself.

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The mystery really begins with a bang when a masked intruder bursts into Blubber B Gone ( a weight loss chain) and murders the owner.

Camerin Torres takes a new job with Trend magazine and although assigned to copyediting, begins to investigate the murder. She soon realizes that murders always follow visits by Terry Mangel, and his body positivity traveling group, and the murders are always of people associated with weight loss businesses. Since Camerin herself has unresolved issues surrounding weight and weight loss, she is drawn further and further in to the investigation, even traveling to Philadelphia to visit the most recent stop of Mangel’s show. Her impulsive action puts her in legal trouble and her life in danger.

An unexpected romance blossoms between Camarin and Trend’s owner, who has secrets of his own.The romance distracts a bit from the mystery, but the central theme of this society’s focus on weight was captivating. The list of research materials at the end was also very interesting. A mystery that makes one think.

Recommended

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Mornings on Horseback, by David McCullough, is a selective biography of Theodore Roosevelt. McCullough does not discuss in depth Roosevelt’s political career, although of course it is touched on in several places.

Instead, McCullough concentrates on Roosevelt’s childhood and youth, and the family which had so much influence on him. His father, Theodore Roosevelt Senior, was almost a god in his children’s eyes. As with many of the wealthy, Senior was a philanthropist, something that influenced his son.

The family was almost unbelievably wealthy and the children enjoyed every privilege. That did not, however, prevent serious health issues. Anna (Bamie), the eldest daughter, was born with a twisted spine. Elliott suffered from seizures (possibly epilepsy) and died young from alcoholism. (He is Eleanor’s father). Theodore himself suffered throughout his life from asthma and McCullough compellingly makes the case that Roosevelt’s interest in the outdoors, the open spaces, the hiking, hunting, birding and so on, stemmed at least in part from an early treatment for his asthma.

Really fascinating. Highly Recommended.