Category Archives: Greece/Greek

Rhodes

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Before I move on to Istanbul, I want to talk a little about Rhodes. It is the ninth largest island in the Aegean and is famous for the Colossus of Rhodes. An enormous statue of the sun god Helios, it was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.

The gate into the old city.

Like most of the Aegean, Rhodes has a long history, full of conquests, immigrants, and repeated changes to the governance. The island had a Minoan colony in the Bronze Age, which gave way to the Mycenaeans. In the Middle Ages, the Knights of Jerusalem, for example, were expelled from the Palestine, they went to Rhodes and governed the island for over 200 years, running the island from 1310 to 1522. The Knights were expelled from Rhodes by the Ottomans. In 1912, the island, as well as the rest of the Dodecanese, were seized by the Italians. Now, once again, it is Greek.

The old town is really old, with remnants from every one of the occupations.

Look closely at the upper part of the wall. The shields of the different nationalities of the Knights are represented.

Finally, here is a sample of what the streets in the old town look like. Not for cars, that’s for sure.

My take-away from these travels is that most of Europe has seen repeated conquests and/or floods of immigrants with their own cultures and languages. And not just in the Aegean. In Prague, for example, out tour guide’s father had the experience of having to learn three languages (Czech, German, when the Nazis came in, and Russian, at the conclusion of WWII). His name was changed as well. Putin’s attempted conquest of the Ukraine has the Czechs shaking in their shoes at the prospect of Russia expanding its reach.

This is something the United States had never had to face and it really changes one’s worldview.

Visiting Crete – Gortnya

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Evidence of human habitation of this area go back to the Neolithic, approximately 7000 B.C.E. Many ruins date to the Minoan period. Gortnya, however, reached one of its most successful periods during the Hellenistic era.

Gortnya appears in the Greek myths. Zeus takes the form of a bull and kidnaps Europa from Lebanon and takes her to Gortyna. They have three children, one of whom is Minos. He takes the kingship for Knossos. One of Minos’s two brothers becomes king in Gortnya, the other in Phaistos, thereby covering the three cities on Crete.

Gortnya also has a labyrinth of caves. Once used as a quarry, the caves have been closed off for many years for safety reasons. Gortnya is most famous now because the oldest law code has been found there. It primarily concerns inheritance laws.

Aphrodite

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Like several other of the Greek Gods we are familiar with, Aphrodite’s origins are much earlier than Classical Greece.

There are two myths about her birth. One is a fairly standard one in which Zeus was her father and Dione, a sea nymph, her father. The other is much darker. Gaia, the earth goddess, married her own son Uranus. This was a loveless marriage. He hated their children (the Titans and the Cyclops among others) and trapped them under Gaia’s belly in the earth. Gaia persuaded another of her sons, Cronus, to help her. He did so by castrating his brother. (I told you it was dark.) His male parts fell into the sea and drifted east from the island Cyprus. From the foaming mess arose Aphrodite.

The historical past of this Goddess is more prosaic. Fertility Goddesses were common in the Bronze Age Middle East. These Goddesses went by various names: Inanna, Ishtar and Astarte. (One theory of Aphrodite’s name is that it is a corruption of Asteroth.) All of these Goddesses inhabited the sky in the form of a star – actually the planet we still call Venus.

The Pomegranate is her fruit and birds are sacred to her. I want to point out that Birds were also sacred to the Supreme Goddess in Crete. In the beginning of the third Crete mystery, (coming soon), Martis participates in a ritualistic bird dance honoring the Goddess.

Another interesting point. Aphrodite was not only the Goddess of romantic and carnal love, but also of the lust for battle and conquest.

The cult of Aphrodite spread throughout the Mediterranean, with its center in Cyprus. (Supposedly her birth place.) Aphrodite is also associated with copper – which is mined on Cyprus.

Medusa

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One of the Greek myths that has captured even modern imaginations is that of Medusa.

In the Greek myth, Medusa was a priestess for Athena. Poseidon violated her inside Athena’s temple and Athena was so enraged by the sacrilege she changed Medusa from a beautiful girl into a monster with venomous snakes for hair and a gaze that turned people into stone.

Medusa and her two sisters were banished to a small, faraway island where they lived until Perseus slew Medusa. (He used her head as a weapon but that is another story.)

Here are my takeaways. Athena was supposed to be the goddess of wisdom but she chose to punish Medusa instead of Poseidon. Athena was a powerful goddess but instead of confronting another God she attacked a mortal woman.

Clearly, the attitudes toward rape haven’t changed much. Many of the rape victims in the Greek myths, like Medusa, are the ones punished, not the rapists.

According to some of the sourcesI read, this is an example of the unfairness of divine retribution in the Greek myths. The Gods were frequently unfair.

What color was the Minoans Hair?

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I’m sure the overwhelming response is black. After all, dark hair and eyes are consistent with Mediterranean coloring. What then, does one make of Apollo, whose hair was a golden blond? When I asked my Greek guide several years ago why Apollo was supposed to have blond hair, she replied that his hair fit in with his role as the sun god.

Fast forward a few years and a lot more research. It turns out that, although blond hair was uncommon, it was not that unusual. Some of the ancient pottery depicts warriors with blond hair and Achilles in fact was supposed to be fair. Another famous blond – Helen of Troy. She literally was fair. They were not the only ones.

DNA evidence confirms that although the prevailing hair colors were black and dark brown, blond and red hair were not unknown. Partly that was due to contact with people from the steppes.

My takeaway: people have always traveled from place to place, intermarrying with local populations. We are all mutts.

I hope to see everyone at the Cohoes Public Library this Saturday, 11 – 4.

Hecate: was she a witch?

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Don’t forget! I’ll be at the Rensselaer Public Library this Saturday from 1 to 3. Six authors will discuss their works, answer questions and sign books.

Since it is Halloween, I thought I’d discuss Hecate. By Shakespeare’s time – in fact, long before, Hecate was a witch, a powerful dark force. The three Weird Sister answer to her calling on her for help and suffering from her wrath.

But in Ancient Greece, Hecate was not a witch. She was a Goddess, not a child of Zeus, but, like Dionysus, a divinity far older than even the Mycenaeans. She could slip easily between the world of the living and the world of the dead. When Hades took Persephone, Demeter asked Hecate to find her daughter, which Hecate did, locating Persephone in the Underworld.

Hecate, triple bodied, was the goddess of the crossroads, and, by extension, of boundaries. Her eyes could see into the souls of me and her torch was brighter than the moon. Since she was not a witch, she did not rely on magic or spells. (She evolved into a witch throughout the centuries.)

Hecate is usually represented holding torches, a key or snakes. That suggests to me that her roots go all the way back to Minoan times and the Priestess for whom snakes were divine. Her frequent companion was a large black dog. Together they were so fearsome that when she went to Hades, even the spirits of the dead stepped aside.

Happy Halloween everyone!

Ancient Beauty Standards

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Every era has its own standards for beauty. In the Middle Ages, the high forehead look was popular. In the artwork, all the women have protuberant abdomens, a definite no-no now. In the United States, a round-shouldered, pale appearance was considered beautiful, a little weird since that look is a symptom of advanced TB. Very white skin was valued in the Elizabethan era, a look achieved by the liberal application of white lead.

The ancient Greeks also had standards. Symmetry of facial features was one. (That is valued now as well, think Denzel Washington.) Pale skin was another admired trait. The theory is that since people who worked outside were tanned, those who had the leisure to stay inside were the wealthy – the elite. Of course, that standard has changed since it is the elite now who have the leisure to tan.)

Physical fitness, especially for men, was particularly valued. Just look at the statuary and the pictures. And, of course, it was the Greeks who began the Olympics.

One of the admired traits I found surprising: the unibrow was apparently considered beautiful. That definitely is not the case now!

The island of Delos

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According to Greek myth, this small, rocky island was the birthplace of Apollo and Artemis. (OK, how many knew Artemis is Apollo’s twin?)

Leto, the mother of the twins, was raped by Zeus in the form of a swan. Hera was so jealous that she decreed Leda could not find any solid ground on which to rest or to deliver her babies.

But Delos was a floating island so Leto was able to deliver her children there, under a palm tree. Since Artemis was born first, she helped her mother with Apollo’s birth and thus became a protector of women especally during childbirth. (Artemis must have been very precocious since she was, what?, ten minutes old at the most.)

Delos is home to the iconic Terrace of the Lions, a wide pathway lined on both sides by statues of lions. Originally, there were nine to twelve but now only five remain. This terrace was erected by the people of Naxos and dedicated to Apollo. It faces east, toward the Sacred Lake of Delos.

I imagine it was quite scary walking past these lions, with their mouths open as though roaring.


Creator: Mark Cartwright | Credit: Mark Cartwright / World History Encyclopedia
Copyright: Mark Cartwright – CC BY-NC-SA – 

Delos is covered with excavations, including the Terrace of Lions. But now, with rising seas, Delos is in danger of being swamped.

Who is the Minoan Lady of the Beasts?

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Artemis is described in the Iliad as Potnia Theron or the Lady of the Beasts. (Potnia is a term of respect, meaning Lady or Mistress.) It is also a title formerly used by a Minoan Goddess – the Lady of the Beasts.

A similar goddess was worshipped throughout the Aegean. In fact, the Mistress of the Beasts – or something similar – was worshipped as far back as the Neolithic, including Crete. I don’t think it is a big stretch of the imagination to believe that Artemis either took over the role of her precursor or was the Lady of the Beasts under a different name.

What do we know about Artemis? She was a beautiful winged Goddess, usually associated with the Moon. (Although, since her twin brother was Apollo, the sun, there are solar elements as well. Both were children of Leto and Zeus.) She was passionate about her virginity and could be quite cruel to her nymphs when they lost their theirs, even if usually by rape. Young girls were frequently dedicated to her at the age of somewhere between 9 and fifteen. (Scholars disagree about the age.) Suidas and Arktos e Brauroniols wrote that the Athenians decreed that no virgin could be married unless they played the bear for the Goddess. (Interesting and odd to me in light of the beliefs about young girls who die before marriage and children – who become spirits, or willies.) Martis would have been dedicated as well but, unlike most of her peers, she plans to remain a virgin and dedicated to the Virgin Goddess.

Artemis is also a patron of childbirth, again an interesting juxtaposition with a virgin goddess. Women prayed to her for an easy and safe childbirth and shrines to her were present well into Roman times.

She was also a huntress and is frequently pictured with her golden bow and arrows and a pack of hunting dogs. This is the piece that fits in with the Lady of the Beasts. As a beautiful but unattainable woman, she was frequently the object of men’s attentions. With the Greek predilection for violent drama, her reaction toward them tended to be fatal. In one myth, a mortal saw her bathing naked. Artemis turned him into a stag and his own hunting dogs tore him apart.

Although Artemis is a hunter and a protector of women in childbirth, the apparent disconnect does make sense. Fertility of both women and animals, domestic and wild, was necessary for prosperity.

In Classical Greece, Artemis is a daughter of Zeus. But her history is far older than that.

Funeral Rites in Minoan Crete

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Let me begin by saying that, although there are plenty of theories about burial practices, there are very few facts we know for certain. However, I gleaned what I could and imagined the rest. Since I write murder mysteries, I have to include something about funeral and burial practices.

Excavations have found human remains put in jars and secreted in caves but treatment of human remains began to transition to tombs. When Martis’s sister is interred In the Shadow of the Bull

I describe what I imagined the scene to look like: the giant stone covering the entrance and the remains of many family members in one tomb.

I also include in both the Crete books, the above and also On the Horns of Death

some other descriptions that might or might not be true.

A fresco from Crete show a musician playing a flute in front of what looks like a funeral cortege so I added that to my description. Martis carries gifts to add to the caskets: a small ship for her sister and a small clay figure of a bull for her friend. We know grave goods were included and during the Classical period, small ships were added to carry the departed over the River Styx. I theorized that this was a practice that began in the Bronze Age.

The professional mourners were also a feature in Classical Greece so I thought it was possible they were important before that era. I described them, in groups of a few to many depending on the wealth of the family, in both books.

Finally, I include a meal, a funeral dinner, if you will, connected to the services. I thought this was a reasonable supposition since, even now, food is offered to the mourners after a service. Descriptions of such meals are also part of Homer’s works so a decision to include them seemed safe.